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Apache 2.0. Website. arxiv .org /abs /1810 .04805. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers ( BERT) is a language model introduced in October 2018 by researchers at Google. [ 1][ 2] It learned by self-supervised learning to represent text as a sequence of vectors. It had the transformer encoder architecture.
T5 (language model) T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI. Introduced in 2019, [ 1] T5 models are trained on a massive dataset of text and code using a text-to-text framework. The T5 models are capable of performing the text-based tasks that they were pretrained for.
A structured two-on-two interaction (two examiners, two test takers), with 5 stages: Stage 1 (3–5 minutes): the test takers and Examiner 1 introduce themselves. Stage 2 (5–7 minutes): each test taker is given an information sheet with descriptions of two options (four different options in total between the two test takers). Test takers are ...
A language model is a probabilistic model of a natural language. [1] In 1980, the first significant statistical language model was proposed, and during the decade IBM performed ‘Shannon-style’ experiments, in which potential sources for language modeling improvement were identified by observing and analyzing the performance of human subjects in predicting or correcting text.
v. t. e. American government poster created during WWII featuring interrogatives. The Five Ws is a checklist used in journalism to ensure that the "lead" or "lede" contains all the essential points of a story. As far back as 1913, reporters were taught that the lead/lede should answer these questions: [ 1]
Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling method, measuring either positive or negative response to a statement. Sometimes an even-point scale is used, where the middle option of "neither agree nor disagree" is not available. This is sometimes called a "forced choice" method, since the neutral option is removed. [10]
A large language model (LLM) is a computational model notable for its ability to achieve general-purpose language generation and other natural language processing tasks such as classification. Based on language models , LLMs acquire these abilities by learning statistical relationships from vast amounts of text during a computationally ...
Hockett's Design Features are a set of features that characterize human language and set it apart from animal communication. They were defined by linguist Charles F. Hockett in the 1960s. He called these characteristics the design features of language. Hockett originally believed there to be 13 design features.