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The Nugent score is now rarely used by physicians due to the time it takes to read the slides and requires the use of a trained microscopist. [4] A score of 0–10 is generated from combining three other scores. The scores are as follows: [24] 0–3 is considered negative for BV; 4–6 is considered intermediate; 7+ is considered indicative of BV.
Primary pellagra is due to a diet that does not contain enough niacin and tryptophan. [1] Secondary pellagra is due to a poor ability to use the niacin within the diet. [ 1 ] This can occur as a result of alcoholism , long-term diarrhea, carcinoid syndrome , Hartnup disease , and a number of medications such as isoniazid . [ 1 ]
Antibiotics do not help the many lower respiratory infections which are caused by parasites or viruses. While acute bronchitis often does not require antibiotic therapy, antibiotics can be given to patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. [21]
Humans are the only known carriers of the bacterium. [28] S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is spread by the fecal-oral route from people who are infected and from asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium. [28] An asymptomatic human carrier is someone who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in stool a year after the acute stage of the ...
[1] [10] [11] This makes ascariasis the most common form of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. [10] As of 2010 it caused about 2,700 deaths a year, down from 3,400 in 1990. [12] Another type of Ascaris infects pigs. [1] Ascariasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease. [6]
Smallpox is the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention. [6] It became the first disease for which there was an effective vaccine in 1798 when Edward Jenner showed the protective effect of inoculation (vaccination) of humans with material from cowpox lesions. [10]
Alkaline phosphatases are present in many human tissues, including bone, intestine, kidney, liver, placenta and white blood cells. [2] Damage to these tissues causes the release of ALP into the bloodstream. Elevated levels can be detected through a blood test.
Peptic ulcer disease is a break in the inner lining of the stomach, the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus. [1] [7] An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer. [1]