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A 2013 study found some samples of e-cigarette vapors had cytotoxic effects on cardiac muscle cells, though the effects were less than with cigarette smoke. [209] Studies demonstrate that e-cigarette vapor have adverse effects on primary airway epithelial cells and tumor cell lines, and other epithelial cell lines, that ranged from reducing ...
Vaping-associated pulmonary injury ( VAPI ), [ 4] also known as vaping-associated lung injury ( VALI) [ 1] or e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury ( E/VALI ), [ 2][ a] is an umbrella term, [ 15][ 16] used to describe lung diseases associated with the use of vaping products that can be severe and life-threatening. [ 3]
The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
In 2015 the psychological and behavioral effects of e-cigarettes were studied using whole-body exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, followed by a series of biochemical and behavioral studies. [17] The results showed that nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosol induces addiction-related neurochemical, physiological and behavioral changes. [17]
Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is miscible with water in its neutral amine base form between 60 °C and 210 °C. It is a dibasic nitrogenous base, having K b1 =1×10 −6, K b2 =1×10 −11. [ 163]
However, e-cigarette use with or without nicotine cannot be considered risk-free [162] because the long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown. [18] [148] [159] Possible side effects of nicotine [163] The cytotoxicity of e-liquids varies, [164] and contamination with various chemicals have been detected in the liquid. [35]
An outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) started in 2019 [ 3] among users of illegal, unregulated cannabis vaping products, [ 2] almost exclusively in the United States. [ 4] The first cases of this particular outbreak were identified in Illinois and Wisconsin in April 2019; as of 18 February 2020, a ...
Hippuric acid has long been used as an indicator of toluene exposure; [14] however, there appears to be some doubt about its validity. [15] There is significant endogenous hippuric acid production by humans; which shows inter- and intra-individual variation influenced by factors such as diet, medical treatment, alcohol consumption, etc. [15] This suggests that hippuric acid may be an ...