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Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software. [1] [2]
The Orange Book. Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria ( TCSEC) is a United States Government Department of Defense (DoD) standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of computer security controls built into a computer system. The TCSEC was used to evaluate, classify, and select computer systems being considered ...
Open-source software(OSS) is computer softwarethat is released under a licensein which the copyrightholder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the softwareand its source codeto anyone and for any purpose. [1][2]Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative, public manner.
Open-source intelligence. Open source intelligence ( OSINT) is the collection and analysis of data gathered from open sources (covert sources and publicly available information) to produce actionable intelligence. OSINT is primarily used in national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence functions and is of value to analysts who ...
Open access. Open access ( OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of access charges or other barriers. [ 1] With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or libre open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an ...
In computing, a legacy system is an old method, technology, computer system, or application program, "of, relating to, or being a previous or outdated computer system", [ 1] yet still in use. Often referencing a system as "legacy" means that it paved the way for the standards that would follow it. This can also imply that the system is out of ...
Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular processes such as feedback systems where outputs are also inputs. It is concerned with general principles that are relevant across multiple contexts, [ 1] including in ecological, technological, biological, cognitive and social systems and also in practical activities such as designing, [ 2 ...
A closed system is a natural physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system, although – in the contexts of physics, chemistry, engineering, etc. – the transfer of energy (e.g. as work or heat) is allowed.