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Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [ 1] and is the most widely used building material. [ 2] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined.
(2) The thermal expansion coefficients of concrete and steel are so close (1.0 × 10 −5 to 1.5 × 10 −5 for concrete and 1.2 × 10 −5 for steel) that the thermal stress-induced damage to the bond between the two components can be prevented. (3) Concrete can protect the embedded steel from corrosion and high-temperature induced softening.
Construction aggregate. Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse- to medium-grained particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.
The International Style is a major architectural style and movement that began in western Europe in the 1920s and dominated modern architecture until the 1970s. [1] [2] It is defined by strict adherence to functional and utilitarian designs and construction methods, typically expressed through minimalism.
A living building material (LBM) is a material used in construction or industrial design that behaves in a way resembling a living organism.Examples include: self-mending biocement, [1] self-replicating concrete replacement, [2] and mycelium-based composites for construction and packaging.
Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called Strain Hardening Cement-based Composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar -based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. [ 1] Unlike regular concrete, ECC has a tensile strain capacity in the range of 3 ...
Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), known when massed as reinforcing steel or steel reinforcement, [1] is a steel bar used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension.
Structural steel. Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a profile of a specific cross section. Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices ...