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Playfair cipher. The Playfair cipher uses a 5×5 grid of letters, and encrypts a message by breaking the text into pairs of letters and swapping them according to their positions in a rectangle within that grid: "HI" becomes "BM". The Playfair cipher or Playfair square or Wheatstone–Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique ...
The Two-square cipher, also called double Playfair, is a manual symmetric encryption technique. [1] It was developed to ease the cumbersome nature of the large encryption/decryption matrix used in the four-square cipher while still being slightly stronger than the single-square Playfair cipher . The technique encrypts pairs of letters ...
In cryptanalysis, frequency analysis (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers . Frequency analysis is based on the fact that, in any given stretch of written language, certain letters and combinations of letters ...
Unicity distance. In cryptography, unicity distance is the length of an original ciphertext needed to break the cipher by reducing the number of possible spurious keys to zero in a brute force attack. That is, after trying every possible key, there should be just one decipherment that makes sense, i.e. expected amount of ciphertext needed to ...
Polygraphic substitution is a cipher in which a uniform substitution is performed on blocks of letters. When the length of the block is specifically known, more precise terms are used: for instance, a cipher in which pairs of letters are substituted is bigraphic . As a concept, polygraphic substitution contrasts with monoalphabetic (or simple ...
Félix Delastelle. Félix-Marie Delastelle (2 January 1840 – 2 April 1902) was a French cryptographer, best known for inventing the bifid cipher, [1] first presented in the Revue du Génie civil in 1895 under the name of "cryptographie nouvelle". This cipher combines fractionation with transposition, and was an early cipher to implement the ...
Confusion in a symmetric cipher is obscuring the local correlation between the input ( plaintext ), and output ( ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by spreading it over a larger area of ciphertext. [ 2] Although ciphers can be confusion-only ( substitution cipher ...
John Playfair FRSE, FRS (10 [citation needed] March 1748 – 20 July 1819) was a Church of Scotland minister, remembered as a scientist and mathematician, and a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known for his book Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (1802), which summarised the work of ...
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