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  2. Matching (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_(statistics)

    Matching (statistics) Matching is a statistical technique that evaluates the effect of a treatment by comparing the treated and the non-treated units in an observational study or quasi-experiment (i.e. when the treatment is not randomly assigned). The goal of matching is to reduce bias for the estimated treatment effect in an observational-data ...

  3. Statistical inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference

    Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying distribution of probability. [ 1] Inferential statistical analysis infers properties of a population, for example by testing hypotheses and deriving estimates. It is assumed that the observed data set is sampled from a larger population.

  4. Fisher's exact test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher's_exact_test

    Fisher's exact test. Fisher's exact test is a statistical significance test used in the analysis of contingency tables. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Although in practice it is employed when sample sizes are small, it is valid for all sample sizes. It is named after its inventor, Ronald Fisher, and is one of a class of exact tests, so called because the ...

  5. Quantity theory of money - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money

    The quantity theory of money (often abbreviated QTM) is a hypothesis within monetary economics which states that the general price level of goods and services is directly proportional to the amount of money in circulation (i.e., the money supply ), and that the causality runs from money to prices. This implies that the theory potentially ...

  6. Interest - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest

    In finance and economics, interest is payment from a debtor or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate. [ 1] It is distinct from a fee which the borrower may pay to the lender or some third party.

  7. Approximation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation_theory

    Approximation theory. In mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing the errors introduced thereby. What is meant by best and simpler will depend on the application. A closely related topic is the approximation of functions by ...

  8. Travelling salesman problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem

    Solution of a travelling salesperson problem: the black line shows the shortest possible loop that connects every red dot. The travelling salesman problem, also known as the travelling salesperson problem (TSP), asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns ...

  9. Fisher equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_equation

    Fisher equation. In financial mathematics and economics, the Fisher equation expresses the relationship between nominal interest rates, real interest rates, and inflation. Named after Irving Fisher, an American economist, it can be expressed as real interest rate ≈ nominal interest rate − inflation rate. [1] [2]