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A Caesar cipher is a simple encryption technique that shifts each letter in the plaintext by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. Learn about its history, usage, examples, and variations, such as the Vigenère cipher and the ROT13 system.
Learn about the history, variations and insecurity of the pigpen cipher, a geometric simple substitution cipher that uses symbols in a grid. The cipher is also known as the masonic cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher and tic-tac-toe cipher.
The Copiale cipher is a 1730s encrypted manuscript by a German oculist order, or Oculists, who used sight as a metaphor for knowledge. The cipher was decrypted in 2011 with computer assistance and reveals an initiation ceremony and a connection to Freemasonry.
the first letter a of the plaintext is shifted by 14 positions in the alphabet (because the first letter O of the key is the 14th letter of the alphabet, counting from zero), yielding o; the second letter t is shifted by 2 (because the second letter C of the key is the 2nd letter of the alphabet, counting from zero) yielding v;
Kryptos is a sculpture by Jim Sanborn at the CIA headquarters that contains four coded messages, three of which have been solved. The fourth message is one of the most famous unsolved codes in the world and has four clues provided by the artist.
A book cipher is a cipher in which each letter or word of the plaintext is replaced by a code that locates it in another text, the key. Learn about the history, security, and examples of book ciphers, such as the Beale ciphers and the Cicada 3301 mystery.
Affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher that uses modular arithmetic to encrypt and decrypt letters. Learn the formula, the weaknesses, and an example of affine cipher with a = 5 and b = 8.
A substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, using a key. Learn about different types of substitution ciphers, such as simple, mixed, and polyalphabetic, and their security and history.