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A powder X-ray diffractometer in motion. X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer ...
Wide-angle X-ray scattering. In X-ray crystallography, wide-angle X-ray scattering ( WAXS) or wide-angle X-ray diffraction ( WAXD) is the analysis of Bragg peaks scattered to wide angles, which (by Bragg's law) are caused by sub-nanometer-sized structures. [ 1] It is an X-ray-diffraction [ 2] method and commonly used to determine a range of ...
X.Org Server is the free and open-source implementation of the X Window System (X11) display server stewarded by the X.Org Foundation . Implementations of the client-side X Window System protocol exist in the form of X11 libraries, which serve as helpful APIs for communicating with the X server. [ 4] Two such major X libraries exist for X11.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique relying on the photoelectric effect, usually employed in surface science. Radiation implosion is the use of high energy X-rays generated from a fission explosion (an A-bomb) to compress nuclear fuel to the point of fusion ignition (an H-bomb ).
An X-ray spectrograph consists of a high voltage power supply (50 kV or 100 kV), a broad band X-ray tube, usually with a tungsten anode and a beryllium window, a specimen holder, an analyzing crystal, a goniometer, and an X-ray detector device. These are arranged as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1.
Here () is the reflectivity, = /, is the X-ray wavelength (typically copper's K-alpha peak at 0.154056 nm), is the density deep within the material and is the angle of incidence. Below the critical angle Q < Q c {\displaystyle Q<Q_{c}} (derived from Snell's law ), 100% of incident radiation is reflected through total external reflection , R ...
D013902. MedlinePlus. 003804. [ edit on Wikidata] A chest radiograph, chest X-ray ( CXR ), or chest film is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. Chest radiographs are the most common film taken in medicine. Like all methods of radiography, chest radiography ...
An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray band to produce magnified images of objects. Since X-rays penetrate most objects, there is no need to specially prepare them for X-ray microscopy observations. Unlike visible light, X-rays do not reflect or refract easily and are invisible to the human eye.