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One option is temperature control—i.e., keeping all cold water below 25 °C (77 °F) and all hot water above 51 °C (124 °F). [3] Temperature affects the survival of Legionella as follows: [3] Above 70 °C (158 °F) – Legionella dies almost instantly; At 60 °C (140 °F) – 90% die in 2 minutes (Decimal reduction time (D) = 2 minutes)
Legionnaires' disease is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any species of Legionella bacteria, [ 3] quite often Legionella pneumophila. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pains, and headaches. [ 2] Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. [ 1] This often begins 2–10 days after exposure.
Recommended methods include spraying the person with water and using a fan, putting the person in ice water, or giving cold intravenous fluids. [4] Adding ice packs around a person is beneficial but does not by itself achieve the fastest possible cooling. [4] Heat stroke results in more than 600 deaths a year in the United States. [4]
Scalding. Scalded thumb, two days after a radiator explosion. Scalding is a form of thermal burn resulting from heated fluids such as boiling water or steam. Most scalds are considered first- or second-degree burns, but third-degree burns can result, especially with prolonged contact. The term is from the Latin word calidus, meaning hot.
Heat-based contraception. An alternative male contraceptive method involves heating the testicles so that they cannot produce sperm. Sperm are best produced at a temperature slightly below body temperature. The muscles around a male's scrotum involuntarily tighten if the man's body temperature drops, and they loosen, allowing the testes to hang ...
Hot water reset, also called outdoor reset ( ODR ), is an energy-saving automatic control algorithm for heating boilers that are typically fired with fuel oil or natural gas. A hot water reset control loop measures the outside air temperature; this information is used to estimate demand or heating load as the outdoor temperature varies.
A thermostatic mixing valve (TMV) is a valve that blends hot water with cold water to ensure constant, safe shower and bath outlet temperatures to prevent scalding . The storage of water at high temperature removes one possible breeding ground for Legionella; the use of a thermostat, rather than a static mixing valve, provides increased safety ...
Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses subjective satisfaction with the thermal environment. [ 1] The human body can be viewed as a heat engine where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is proportional to temperature ...