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The geographical centre of Earth is the geometric centre of all land surfaces on Earth. Geometrically defined it is the centroid of all land surfaces within the two dimensions of the Geoid surface which approximates the Earth's outer shape. The term centre of minimum distance [1] specifies the concept more precisely as the domain is the sphere ...
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
The World Geodetic System ( WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS. The current version, WGS 84, defines an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system and a geodetic datum, and also describes the associated Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and World Magnetic Model (WMM).
In cartography, a map projection is any of a broad set of transformations employed to represent the curved two-dimensional surface of a globe on a plane. [ 1][ 2][ 3] In a map projection, coordinates, often expressed as latitude and longitude, of locations from the surface of the globe are transformed to coordinates on a plane. [ 4][ 5 ...
Valeriepieris circle. The original 2013 map by Ken Myers, with the interior of the circle inverted. A Valeriepieris circle[ 1][ 2][ 3] is a figure drawn on the Earth's surface such that the majority of the human population lives within its interior. The concept was originally popularized by a map posted on Reddit in 2013, made by a Texas ESL ...
A great circle divides the sphere in two equal hemispheres. In mathematics, a great circle or orthodrome is the circular intersection of a sphere and a plane passing through the sphere's center point. [ 1][ 2] Any arc of a great circle is a geodesic of the sphere, so that great circles in spherical geometry are the natural analog of straight ...
Orthographic projection in cartography has been used since antiquity. Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective (or azimuthal) projection in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. The point of perspective for the orthographic projection is at infinite distance.
Generalised circle. In geometry, a generalized circle, sometimes called a cline or circline, [1] is a straight line or a circle, the curves of constant curvature in the Euclidean plane . The natural setting for generalized circles is the extended plane, a plane along with one point at infinity through which every straight line is considered to ...