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Polybius square. The Polybius square, also known as the Polybius checkerboard, is a device invented by the ancient Greeks Cleoxenus and Democleitus, and made famous by the historian and scholar Polybius. [ 1] The device is used for fractionating plaintext characters so that they can be represented by a smaller set of symbols, which is useful ...
t. e. In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by ...
Substitution–permutation network. A sketch of a substitution–permutation network with 3 rounds, encrypting a plaintext block of 16 bits into a ciphertext block of 16 bits. The S-boxes are the Si, the P-boxes are the same P, and the round keys are the Ki. In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution–permutation network ( SPN ), is a ...
In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters ( transposition) without changing the characters themselves. Transposition ciphers reorder units of plaintext (typically characters or groups of characters) according to a regular system to produce a ...
The encoding step replaces each digit in a number (i.e. [Line-G] in the cipher) with one from a key sequence (i.e. [Line-E.2]) that represents its position in the 1-10 ordering. It should be seen that by writing out the series '1234567890' (shown as [Line-F.2]) underneath [Line.E.2] each value from 0-9 has another above it.
Confusion in a symmetric cipher is obscuring the local correlation between the input ( plaintext ), and output ( ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by spreading it over a larger area of ciphertext. [ 2] Although ciphers can be confusion-only ( substitution cipher ...
Lucifer uses a combination of transposition and substitution crypting as a starting point in decoding ciphers. [clarification needed] One variant, described by Feistel in 1971, [2] uses a 48-bit key and operates on 48-bit blocks. The cipher is a substitution–permutation network and uses two 4-bit S-boxes. The key selects which S-boxes are used.
A disk cipher device of the Jefferson type from the 2nd quarter of the 19th century in the National Cryptologic Museum. The Jefferson disk, also called the Bazeries cylinder or wheel cypher, [1] was a cipher system commonly attributed to Thomas Jefferson that uses a set of wheels or disks, each with letters of the alphabet arranged around their edge in an order, which is different for each ...
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