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The Nuremberg Code ( German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War . Though it was articulated as part of the court's verdict in the trial, the Code would later become significant ...
The Belmont Report summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for human subject research. Three core principles are identified: respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice. The three primary areas of application were stated as informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and selection of human subjects in research .
In 1964, the World Medical Association published a code of research ethics, the Declaration of Helsinki. It was based on the Nuremberg Code, focusing on medical research with therapeutic intent. Subsequently, medical professionals and researchers began requiring that research follows the principles outlined in the Declaration.
Declaration of Helsinki. The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH, Finnish: Helsingin julistus) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA). [ 1] It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics. [ 1][ 2][ 3][ 4]
No approach has been universally accepted, [2] [3] [4] but typically-cited codes are the 1947 Nuremberg Code, the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, and the 1978 Belmont Report. Today, research ethics committees, such as those of the US, UK and EU, govern and oversee the responsible conduct of research.
Albert Kligman. Albert Montgomery Kligman (March 17, 1916 – February 9, 2010) [ 1] was an American dermatologist who co-invented Retin-A, the acne medication, with James Fulton in 1969. [ 2] Kligman performed human experiments on inmates at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia, which led to a well-documented scandal years later.
Medical ethics is an applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research. [ 1] Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. [ 2]
Michael Grodin. Michael Alan Grodin (born December 26, 1951) is Professor of Health Law, Bioethics, and Human Rights at the Boston University School of Public Health, where he has received the distinguished Faculty Career Award for Research and Scholarship, and 20 teaching awards, including the "Norman A. Scotch Award for Excellence in Teaching."