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A thane was a local administrator in eastern Scotland, equivalent to the son of an earl, who collected revenue and services from the estates under his control. The term thane was introduced by King David I in the 12th century, and later replaced by baron or regality.
A thegn or thane was a nobleman who owned land and served the king or a lord in Anglo-Saxon England. The term also had different meanings in Scandinavia and Scotland, and evolved from the Old English word gesith, meaning companion or retainer.
Learn about the history of Scotland from the ninth to the thirteenth century, when various kingdoms and cultures competed and merged to form the Kingdom of Scotland. Explore the origins of the Gaelic-speaking Alba, the Scandinavian influence, the Norman and Anglo-French impact, and the cultural and religious developments.
Alba was the name of Scotland in the Middle Ages, from the 9th to the 13th century. It was a Gaelic kingdom ruled by Pictish-Gaels and Scoto-Normans, and faced several invasions and wars with England.
Learn about the history of Scotland from the departure of the Romans to the Renaissance, including the formation of the Kingdom of Alba, the Scoto-Norman culture, the Wars of Independence and the Stewart Dynasty. Find out how Scotland developed its geography, economy, society, religion, education, literature, art and music in the Middle Ages.
Learn about the social organisation of Scotland from the fifth to the sixteenth century, including kinship, slavery, feudalism and clans. Find out how the introduction of feudalism under David I influenced the social structure and the system of clans in the Highlands.
Modern Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but with its many inlets, islands and inland lochs, it has roughly the same amount of coastline at 4,000 miles. Only a fifth of Scotland is less than 60 metres above sea level. Its east Atlantic position means that it experiences heavy rainfall, especially in the west.
Scotichronicon is a 15th-century chronicle by Walter Bower, a continuation of John of Fordun's work on Scottish history. It covers the period from the founding of Ireland and Scotland by Scota and Goídel Glas to the death of James I in 1437, and includes a depiction of Robin Hood as a historical figure.