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Around 50–100 million vertebrate animals are used in experiments annually. Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, such as model organisms, in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
The directive took effect on January 1, 2013. The directive permits the use of non-human primates if no other alternative methods are available. Testing on non-human primates is permitted for basic and applied research, quality and safety testing of drugs, food and other products and research aimed on the preservation of the species.
Animal testing. Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of animal testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of cosmetic products for use by humans. Since this type of animal testing is often harmful to the animal subjects, it is opposed by animal rights activists and others.
Experiments using animals have contributed some of the most important medical breakthroughs in history, but critics say the practice isn't just immoral — it may also be counterproductive.
The Three Rs ( 3Rs) are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in product testing and scientific research. They were first described by W. M. S. Russell and R. L. Burch in 1959. [1] The 3Rs are: Replacement: methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in research. Reduction: use of methods that enable researchers to obtain ...
Prof Hartung says that AI is providing "an enormous leap forward" [Thomas Hartung] One AI project being built to try to replace the need for future animal testing is called AnimalGAN. Developed by ...
Over 2,000 research organizations are listed in the database, of which approximately 500 were researched and of these, 100 were contacted directly by FRD staff. These organizations include hospitals, government organizations, private companies (pharmaceutical companies, etc.), universities/colleges, a few secondary schools, and research institutes.
The Alternatives Research and Development Foundation (ARDF) provides grants to advance the use of non-animal methods in the fields of biomedical testing, research, and education. [81] The international NC3Rs 3Rs Prize is awarded to highlight an outstanding original contribution to scientific and technological advances in the 3Rs in medical ...
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