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Literal (mathematical logic) In mathematical logic, a literal is an atomic formula (also known as an atom or prime formula) or its negation. [ 1][ 2] The definition mostly appears in proof theory (of classical logic ), e.g. in conjunctive normal form and the method of resolution . Literals can be divided into two types: [ 2] A positive literal ...
Algebra. Elementary algebra studies which values solve equations formed using arithmetical operations. Abstract algebra studies algebraic structures, like the ring of integers given by the set of integers together with operations of addition ( ) and multiplication ( ). Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems ...
The first use of an equals sign, equivalent to 14 x + 15 = 71 in modern notation. From The Whetstone of Witte by Robert Recorde of Wales (1557). [ 1] In mathematics, an equation is a mathematical formula that expresses the equality of two expressions, by connecting them with the equals sign =. [ 2][ 3] The word equation and its cognates in ...
In mathematics and computer science, a canonical, normal, or standardform of a mathematical object is a standard way of presenting that object as a mathematical expression. Often, it is one which provides the simplest representation of an object and allows it to be identified in a unique way.
In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g. "3 + 4 = 4 + 3" or "2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be used in more ...
Variable (mathematics) In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol that represents a mathematical object. A variable may represent a number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, or an element of a set. [ 1]
Conjunctive normal form. In Boolean logic, a formula is in conjunctive normal form ( CNF) or clausal normal form if it is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; otherwise put, it is a product of sums or an AND of ORs. As a canonical normal form, it is useful in automated theorem proving and circuit ...
v. t. e. Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power.