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Phylogenies showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states. [ 1] In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy ). [ 2][ 3][ 4] A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more ...
Morphology (biology) Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. [1] This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or eidonomy ), as well as the form and structure of internal parts like bones and organs, i ...
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
The green and blue subgroups together form a clade. In biological phylogenetics, a clade (from Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos) 'branch'), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, [1] is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic ...
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents. There are two forms of reproduction: asexual and sexual . In asexual reproduction, an organism can reproduce without the involvement of another organism.
Tether (cell biology) A tether is a form of cell surface protrusion, separated from the cytoskeleton after the application of low pulling forces to the cell surface membrane. They are thin, viscoelastic tubes which can be observed in vivo due to shear flow caused by molecular bonds between blood cells and vessel walls, for example.
Evolutionary biology. In biology, polymorphism [1] is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species. To be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating).
In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa. A common example of homologous structures is the forelimbs of vertebrates , where the wings of bats and birds , the arms of primates , the front flippers of whales , and the forelegs of four-legged vertebrates like dogs and ...