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2. Earth–Moon problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth–Moon_problem

   The Earth–Moon problem is an unsolved problem on graph coloring in mathematics. It is an extension of the planar map coloring problem (solved by the four color theorem ), and was posed by Gerhard Ringel in 1959. [ 1] An intuitive form of the problem asks how many colors are needed to color political maps of the Earth and Moon, in a ...

3. Four color theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_color_theorem

   A four-colored map of the states of the United States (ignoring lakes and oceans) In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem, states that no more than four colors are required to color the regions of any map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color. Adjacent means that two regions share a common boundary of ...

4. Graph coloring - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_coloring

   Graph coloring. A proper vertex coloring of the Petersen graph with 3 colors, the minimum number possible. In graph theory, graph coloring is a special case of graph labeling; it is an assignment of labels traditionally called "colors" to elements of a graph subject to certain constraints. In its simplest form, it is a way of coloring the ...

5. Greedy coloring - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greedy_coloring

   Greedy coloring. Two greedy colorings of the same crown graph using different vertex orders. The right example generalises to 2-colorable graphs with n vertices, where the greedy algorithm expends n/2 colors. In the study of graph coloring problems in mathematics and computer science, a greedy coloring or sequential coloring [1] is a coloring ...

6. List of NP-complete problems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NP-complete_problems

   The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric. The problem is known to be NP-hard with the (non-discretized) Euclidean metric. [ 3]: ND22, ND23. Vehicle routing problem.

7. List coloring - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_coloring

   List coloring. In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, list coloring is a type of graph coloring where each vertex can be restricted to a list of allowed colors. It was first studied in the 1970s in independent papers by Vizing and by Erdős, Rubin, and Taylor. [1]