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2. X-ray tube - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_tube

   An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays. [ 1] The availability of this controllable source of X-rays created the field of radiography, the imaging of partly opaque objects with penetrating radiation. In contrast to other sources of ionizing radiation, X-rays are only produced as long as the X-ray tube is ...

3. X-ray filter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_filter

   Thus, a copper X-ray source with a nickel filter can produce a nearly monochromatic X-ray beam with photons of mostly 154 pm. For medical purposes, X-ray filters are used to selectively attenuate, or block out, low-energy rays during x-ray imaging (radiography). Low energy x-rays (less than 30 keV) contribute little to the resultant image as ...

4. Collimator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimator

   Collimators used to record gamma rays and neutrons from a nuclear test. In X-ray optics, gamma ray optics, and neutron optics, a collimator is a device that filters a stream of rays so that only those traveling parallel to a specified direction are allowed through. Collimators are used for X-ray, gamma-ray, and neutron imaging because it is ...

5. Copper tubing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_tubing

   While pipe sizes in Australia are inch-based, they are classified by outside rather than inside diameter (e.g., a nominal 3 ⁄ 4 inch copper pipe in Australia has measured diameters of 0.750 inches outside and 0.638 inches inside, whereas a nominal 3 ⁄ 4 inch copper pipe in the U.S. and Canada has measured diameters of 0.875 inch outside and ...

6. List of IEC standards - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards

   IEC 60227 Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V. IEC 60228 Conductors of insulated cables. IEC 60229 Electric cables – Tests on extruded over-sheaths with a special protective function. IEC 60230 Impulse tests on cables and their accessories.

7. X-ray detector - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_detector

   X-ray detector. Acquisition of projectional radiography, with an X-ray generator and an imaging detector. X-ray detectors are devices used to measure the flux, spatial distribution, spectrum, and/or other properties of X-rays . Detectors can be divided into two major categories: imaging detectors (such as photographic plates and X-ray film ...

8. X-ray fluorescence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence

   X-ray fluorescence. XRF scanning of the Rembrandt -painting Syndics of the Drapers' Guild. A handheld XRF analyzer gun. X-ray fluorescence ( XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by being bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.

9. X-ray optics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_optics

   X-ray optics. X-ray optics is the branch of optics that manipulates X-rays instead of visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and ...