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Tap code is a way to encode text messages by tapping on a 5x5 grid of letters, except for K. Learn the history, design and examples of this method used by prisoners and POWs.
The Enigma machine was a cipher device used by Nazi Germany and other countries to protect secret messages. Learn how it worked, how it was broken by Poland, France, and Britain, and how it influenced World War II.
The Copiale cipher is a 1730s encrypted manuscript by a German oculist order, or Oculists, who used sight as a metaphor for knowledge. The cipher was decrypted in 2011 with computer assistance and reveals an initiation ceremony and a connection to Freemasonry.
A Caesar cipher is a simple encryption technique that shifts each letter in the plaintext by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. Learn about its history, usage, examples, and variations, such as the Vigenère cipher and the ROT13 system.
Kryptos is a sculpture by Jim Sanborn at the CIA headquarters that contains four coded messages, three of which have been solved. The fourth message is one of the most famous unsolved codes in the world and has four clues provided by the artist.
Affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher that uses modular arithmetic to encrypt and decrypt letters. Learn the formula, the weaknesses, and an example of affine cipher with a = 5 and b = 8.
A cryptogram is a puzzle that consists of a short piece of encrypted text, usually using a simple cipher that can be solved by hand. Learn about the origin, types and methods of cryptograms, and see some famous examples and challenges.
An autokey cipher is a cipher that uses the message as part of the key. Learn about its history, method, and cryptanalysis with examples and diagrams.