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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
A particular problem was that the M s scale (which in the 1970s was the preferred magnitude scale) saturates around M s 8.0 and therefore underestimates the energy release of "great" earthquakes [13] such as the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan earthquakes.
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes may also be referred to as quakes, tremors, or temblors. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling . In its most general sense, an earthquake is any seismic event ...
Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor. [169] 6×10 14 J: Energy released by an average hurricane in 1 second [170] 10 15: peta-(PJ) > 10 15 J: Energy released by a severe thunderstorm [171] 1×10 15 J: Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008 [172] [173] 4.2×10 15 J: Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT [58 ...
The energy yield of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, was estimated at a moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6. This is the most powerful earthquake recorded in history. [51] [52] The aftermath of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. 2,870 3.34 PWh The energy released by a hurricane per day during condensation. [53] 33,000 38.53 PWh
In seismology, the Gutenberg–Richter law[ 1] ( GR law) expresses the relationship between the magnitude and total number of earthquakes in any given region and time period of at least that magnitude. or. where. is the number of events having a magnitude , and are constants, i.e. they are the same for all values of and .
Magnitude is an estimate of the relative "size" or strength of an earthquake, and thus its potential for causing ground-shaking. It is "approximately related to the released seismic energy." [1] Intensity refers to the strength or force of shaking at a given location, and can be related to the peak ground velocity.
The temblor, which measured 4.8 on the Richter scale, was considered a shallow earthquake by the U.S. Geological Survey, meaning that it occurred at a depth of zero to 70 kilometers below ground.