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Moreover, acute ethanol ingestion leads to excessive phosphorylation of Elk1 in the amygdala. Silencing of Elk1 activity has also been found to decrease cellular responses to withdrawal signals and lingering treatment of opioids, one of the world's oldest known drugs. Altogether, these results highlight that Elk1 is an important component of ...
Oxidative phosphorylation (UK / ɒkˈsɪd.ə.tɪv /, US / ˈɑːk.sɪˌdeɪ.tɪv / [ 1]) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Mitochondrial ROS ( mtROS or mROS) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced by mitochondria. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Generation of mitochondrial ROS mainly takes place at the electron transport chain located on the inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Leakage of electrons at complex I and complex III ...
A mitochondrion ( pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. [ 2]
In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases ( ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors ...
Electron transport chain. An electron transport chain ( ETC[ 1]) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a ...
The malate–aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. These electrons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction ...
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [1] [2] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [3] Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by ...