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Caesar cipher. The action of a Caesar cipher is to replace each plaintext letter with a different one a fixed number of places down the alphabet. The cipher illustrated here uses a left shift of 3, so that (for example) each occurrence of E in the plaintext becomes B in the ciphertext. In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's ...
Nihilist cipher. In the history of cryptography, the Nihilist cipher is a manually operated symmetric encryption cipher, originally used by Russian Nihilists in the 1880s to organize terrorism against the tsarist regime. The term is sometimes extended to several improved algorithms used much later for communication by the First Chief ...
Affine cipher. The affine cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher, where each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using a simple mathematical function, and converted back to a letter. The formula used means that each letter encrypts to one other letter, and back again, meaning the cipher is ...
The Vigenère cipher ( French pronunciation: [viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different Caesar cipher, whose increment is determined by the corresponding letter of another text, the key . For example, if the plaintext is attacking tonight and the key is ...
Traditional Reed–Muller codes are binary codes, which means that messages and codewords are binary strings. When r and m are integers with 0 ≤ r ≤ m, the Reed–Muller code with parameters r and m is denoted as RM ( r , m ). When asked to encode a message consisting of k bits, where holds, the RM ( r , m) code produces a codeword ...
This software uses "A" to denote "bulls" (digit in the correct position) and "B" to denote "cows" (digit in the wrong position). Bulls and cows (also known as cows and bulls or pigs and bulls) is a code -breaking mind or paper and pencil game for two or more players. The game is played in turns by two opponents who aim to decipher the other's ...
For example, the widely used (255,223) code can be converted to a (160,128) code by padding the unused portion of the source block with 95 binary zeroes and not transmitting them. At the decoder, the same portion of the block is loaded locally with binary zeroes. The QR code, Ver 3 (29×29) uses interleaved blocks.
OR-Tools was created by Laurent Perron in 2011. [5]In 2014, Google's open source linear programming solver, GLOP, was released as part of OR-Tools. [1]The CP-SAT solver [6] bundled with OR-Tools won a total of eleven gold medals between 2018 and 2020 in the MiniZinc Challenge, [7] an international constraint programming competition.