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Software protection dongle. A software protection dongle (commonly known as a dongle or key) is an electronic copy protection and content protection device. When connected to a computer or other electronics, they unlock software functionality or decode content. [ 1] The hardware key is programmed with a product key or other cryptographic ...
A key is retrieved from the set of “Future Keys” This is used to encrypt the message, creating a cryptogram. An identifier known as the “Key Serial Number” (KSN) is returned from the encrypting device, along with the cryptogram. The KSN is formed from the device's unique identifier, and an internal transaction counter.
The EFF's DES cracker "Deep Crack" custom microchip. In cryptography, the EFF DES cracker (nicknamed " Deep Crack ") is a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) in 1998, to perform a brute force search of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher's key space – that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every ...
Software cracking (known as "breaking" mostly in the 1980s [ 1]) is an act of removing copy protection from a software. [ 2] Copy protection can be removed by applying a specific crack. A crack can mean any tool that enables breaking software protection, a stolen product key, or guessed password. Cracking software generally involves ...
XOR cipher. In cryptography, the simple XOR cipher is a type of additive cipher, [ 1] an encryption algorithm that operates according to the principles: A 0 = A, A A = 0, A B = B A, (A B) C = A (B C), (B A) A = B 0 = B, For example where denotes the exclusive disjunction (XOR) operation. [ 2] This operation is sometimes called modulus 2 ...
This attack is against AES-256 that uses only two related keys and 2 39 time to recover the complete 256-bit key of a 9-round version, or 2 45 time for a 10-round version with a stronger type of related subkey attack, or 2 70 time for an 11-round version. The Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ), also known by its original name Rijndael ( Dutch ...
NSA cryptography. The vast majority of the National Security Agency 's work on encryption is classified, but from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product types, and algorithms into two suites.
Public key certificate. In cryptography, a public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the validity of a public key. [ 1][ 2] The certificate includes the public key and information about it, information about the identity of its owner (called the subject), and the ...