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The Incoterms or International Commercial Terms are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) relating to international commercial law. [ 1] Incoterms define the responsibilities of exporters and importers in the arrangement of shipments and the transfer of liability involved at various ...
Freight transport. This map of shipping routes illustrates the relative density of commercial shipping in the world's oceans. Freight transport, also referred as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. [ 1] The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American ...
FOB (shipping) FOB ( free on board) is a term in international commercial law specifying at what point respective obligations, costs, and risk involved in the delivery of goods shift from the seller to the buyer under the Incoterms standard published by the International Chamber of Commerce. FOB is only used in non-containerized sea freight or ...
Incoterms inform sales contract by defining respective obligations, costs, and risks involved in the delivery of goods from seller to buyer. Incoterms 2010, the 8th revision, refers to the newest collection of essential international commercial and trade terms with 11 rules. Incoterm 2010 was effective on and from January 1, 2011.
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Cost, Insurance and Freight.
A bill of lading ( / ˈleɪdɪŋ /) (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BOL) is a document issued by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment. [ 1] Although the term is historically related only to carriage by sea, a bill of lading may today be used for any type of carriage of goods. [ 2]
Administrative law of the United States. In the law of the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent regulations promulgated by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States. The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject ...
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ( CISG ), sometimes known as the Vienna Convention, is a multilateral treaty that establishes a uniform framework for international commerce. [ 1][ Note 1] As of December 2023, it has been ratified by 97 countries, representing two-thirds of world trade.