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Personality traits are patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that reflect the tendency to respond in certain ways under certain circumstances. [ 1] Personality is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and associated with mental health. [ 2] Beside the environment factor, genetic variants can be detected for personality traits.
linkage disequilibrium (two neighboring genes tend to be inherited together, each affecting a different trait) biological pleiotropy (a single gene having multiple otherwise unrelated biological effects, or shared regulation of multiple genes [39]) mediated pleiotropy (a gene affects trait X and trait X affects trait Y).
However, it is widely accepted that variance in gene sequence affect behavior, and genes are a significant risk factor for personality disorders. [20] With the growing interest in using molecular genetics in tracing the biological basis of personality, [8] there may be more gene-trait links found in the future.
Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal and human behavior. It seeks to explain how nurture shapes nature, where nature refers to biological heredity and nurture refers to virtually everything that occurs during the life-span (e.g., social-experience, diet and nutrition, and exposure to toxins).
Dog coat genetics. Dogs have a wide range of coat colors, patterns, textures and lengths. [ 1] Dog coat color is governed by how genes are passed from dogs to their puppies and how those genes are expressed in each dog. Dogs have about 19,000 genes in their genome [ 2] but only a handful affect the physical variations in their coats.
Genetics can have an impact on one's development of personality. Genes are passed on from one generation to the next and contain characteristics of one's being. Personality can be influenced through many genes acting together. Behavioral genetics refers to the results of adoption studies and twin studies.
When a dog has wild-type alleles at all three genes, it will have a yellow coat. When the dog has a loss-of-function allele at MC1R, it will have a yellow coat regardless of the genes it carries on the other two genes. Only a dominant black allele at CBD103 will produce a black coat color in dogs possessing wild-type alleles at MC1R and Agouti.
The study of animal personality is largely based on the observation and investigation of behavioural traits. In an ecological context, traits or ‘characters’ are attributes of an organism that are shared by members of a species. Traits can be shared by all or only a portion of individuals in a population.