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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( HLHS) is a rare congenital heart defect in which the left side of the heart is severely underdeveloped and incapable of supporting the systemic circulation. [ 2] It is estimated to account for 2-3% of all congenital heart disease. [ 3] Early signs and symptoms include poor feeding, cyanosis, and diminished ...
When the right side of the heart is more underdeveloped than the left side, this is known as hypoplastic right heart syndrome. HRHS is known for the pulmonary valve, the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery all failing to form properly. HRHS also causes the right ventricle to be a fair amount smaller than the left side.
Posterior communicating artery. Schematic representation of the arterial circle and arteries of the brain (inferior view). Blood flows up to the brain through the vertebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries. The brain and the arteries of the base of the brain, viewed from below, with the front of the brain at the top of the image.
Hypoplasia is a congenital condition, while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life. ( Atrophy, the wasting away of already existing cells, is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy.) Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ.
Renal hypoplasia is a congenital abnormality in which one or both of the kidneys are smaller than normal, [5] resulting in a reduced nephron number [1] but with normal morphology. [ 4 ] It is defined as abnormally small kidneys, where the size is less than two standard deviations below the expected mean for the corresponding demographics , and ...
Process. Entry to the body cavity for the Norwood procedure is gained by a vertical incision above the sternum. Separation of the sternum is necessary. This surgery is complex and may vary slightly depending on the diagnosis and overall condition of the heart. The surgery on the heart can be divided into two main steps.
Pulmonary hypoplasia is an incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in an abnormally low number or small size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli. A congenital malformation, most often occurs secondary to other fetal abnormalities that interfere with normal development of the lungs. Primary ( idiopathic) pulmonary hypoplasia is rare ...
Fontan procedure. The Fontan procedure or Fontan–Kreutzer procedure is a palliative surgical procedure used in children with univentricular hearts. It involves diverting the venous blood from the inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC) to the pulmonary arteries. The procedure varies for differing congenital heart pathologies.