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Caesar cipher. The action of a Caesar cipher is to replace each plaintext letter with a different one a fixed number of places down the alphabet. The cipher illustrated here uses a left shift of 3, so that (for example) each occurrence of E in the plaintext becomes B in the ciphertext. In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's ...
History of machine translation. Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. In the 1950s, machine translation became a reality in research, although references to the subject can be found as early as the 17th century.
The writing systems used in ancient Egypt were deciphered in the early nineteenth century through the work of several European scholars, especially Jean-François Champollion and Thomas Young. Ancient Egyptian forms of writing, which included the hieroglyphic, hieratic and demotic scripts, ceased to be understood in the fourth and fifth ...
Actual decipherment did not take place until the beginning of the 19th century, initiated by Georg Friedrich Grotefend in his study of Old Persian cuneiform. He was followed by Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin in 1822 and Rasmus Christian Rask in 1823, who was the first to decipher the name Achaemenides and the consonants m and n.
Fibonacci coding has a useful property that sometimes makes it attractive in comparison to other universal codes: it is an example of a self-synchronizing code, making it easier to recover data from a damaged stream. With most other universal codes, if a single bit is altered, none of the data that comes after it will be correctly read. With ...
Moses is a free software, statistical machine translation engine that can be used to train statistical models of text translation from a source language to a target language, developed by the University of Edinburgh. [2] Moses then allows new source-language text to be decoded using these models to produce automatic translations in the target ...
English approximation Arabic letter/symbol Usual romanization Letter name A–B a [a] cat in British English, only approx. in American English, could also be realised as [æ] َ a, á, e فَتْحَة (fatḥah) aː [b] not exact, longer far, could also be realised as [æː] ـَا (ى at word end) ā, â, aa, a أَلِف (ʾalif)
The English-Arabic Parallel Corpus of United Nations Texts ( EAPCOUNT) is one of the biggest available parallel corpora involving the Arabic language. It is intended as a general research tool, available beyond the present project for applied and theoretical linguistic research. It started as a PhD research project at the Department of ...