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An operating temperature is the allowable temperature range of the local ambient environment at which an electrical or mechanical device operates. The device will operate effectively within a specified temperature range which varies based on the device function and application context, and ranges from the minimum operating temperature to the maximum operating temperature (or peak operating ...
The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,100,000 in 2023.) [21] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale. [35] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935, [ 36 ] and Packard became the first automobile ...
An atmospheric water generator ( AWG ), is a device that extracts water from humid ambient air, producing potable water. Water vapor in the air can be extracted either by condensation - cooling the air below its dew point, exposing the air to desiccants, using membranes that only pass water vapor, collecting fog, [ 1] or pressurizing the air.
The engine temperature on modern cars is primarily controlled by a wax-pellet type of thermostat, a valve that opens once the engine has reached its optimum operating temperature. When the engine is cold, the thermostat is closed except for a small bypass flow so that the thermostat experiences changes to the coolant temperature as the engine ...
The Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure ( WLTP) [ 1] is a global driving cycle standard for determining the levels of pollutants, CO 2 emission standards and fuel consumption of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid automobiles, as well as the all-electric range of plug-in electric vehicles .
The reliability test duration assures the device's adequate lifetime requirement. For example, with an activation energy of 0.7 eV, 125 °C stress temperature and 55 °C use temperature, the acceleration factor (Arrhenius equation) is 78.6. This means that 1,000 hours' stress duration is equivalent to 9 years of use.
Total air temperature is an essential input to an air data computer in order to enable the computation of static air temperature and hence true airspeed . The relationship between static and total air temperatures is given by: where: static air temperature, SAT ( kelvins or degrees Rankine) total air temperature, TAT (kelvins or degrees Rankine ...
In most other nations, the reference ambient temperature for pollutant limits may be 0 °C or other values. Although ppmv and mg/m 3 have been used for the examples in all of the following sections, concentrations such as ppbv (i.e., parts per billion by volume), volume percent, mole percent and many others may also be used for gaseous pollutants.