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An MGRS grid reference is a point reference system. When the term 'grid square' is used, it can refer to a square with a side length of 10 km (6 mi), 1 km, 100 m (328 ft), 10 m or 1 m, depending on the precision of the coordinates provided. (In some cases, squares adjacent to a Grid Zone Junction (GZJ) are clipped, so polygon is a better ...
Test depth. This is the maximum depth at which a submarine is permitted to operate under normal peacetime circumstances, and is tested during sea trials. The test depth is set at two-thirds (0.66) of the design depth for United States Navy submarines, while the Royal Navy sets test depth at 4/7 (0.57) the design depth, and the German Navy sets ...
The United States Navy 's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) is a laboratory that performs integrated three-dimensional hydrospace/ aerospace trajectory measurements covering the entire spectrum of undersea simulated warfare – calibration, classifications, detection, and destruction. Its mission is to assist in establishing ...
The unit used in the US is the foot sea water (fsw), based on standard gravity and a sea-water density of 64 lb/ft 3. According to the US Navy Diving Manual, one fsw equals 0.30643 msw, 0.030 643 bar , or 0.444 44 psi , [1] [2] though elsewhere it states that 33 fsw is 14.7 psi (one atmosphere), which gives one fsw equal to about 0.445 psi.
Fog, friction, chance – War is characterized by fog, friction, and chance. Golden Bridge – To leave an opponent an opportunity to withdraw in order to not force them to act out of desperation – Sun Tzu. Iron Calculus of War – Resistance = Means x Will – Clausewitz. Moral ascendancy – Moral force is the trump card for any military ...
A chart datum is the water level surface serving as origin of depths displayed on a nautical chart and for reporting and predicting tide heights. A chart datum is generally derived from some tidal phase, in which case it is also known as a tidal datum. [1] Common chart datums are lowest astronomical tide (LAT) [1] and mean lower low water (MLLW).
The Kármán line (or von Kármán line / vɒn ˈkɑːrmɑːn /) [2] is a conventional definition of the edge of space. It is not universally accepted. The international record-keeping body FAI (Fédération aéronautique internationale) defines the Kármán line at an altitude of 100 kilometres (54 nautical miles; 62 miles; 330,000 feet) above ...
Surfaced submarines entering and leaving port navigate similarly to traditional ships but with a few extra considerations because most of the boat rides below the waterline, making them hard for other vessels to see and identify. Submarines carry an inertial navigation system, which measures the boat’s motion and constantly updates position.