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Rebuttal. In law, rebuttal is a form of evidence that is presented to contradict or nullify other evidence that has been presented by an adverse party. By analogy the same term is used in politics and public affairs to refer to the informal process by which statements, designed to refute or negate specific arguments (see Counterclaim) put ...
Counterargument. In reasoning and argument mapping, a counterargument is an objection to an objection. A counterargument can be used to rebut an objection to a premise, a main contention or a lemma. Synonyms of counterargument may include rebuttal, reply, counterstatement, counterreason, comeback and response.
An objection to an objection is sometimes known as a rebuttal. [2] An objection can't be issued against an argument retroactively from the point of reference of that argument. This form of objection – invented by the pre socratic philosopher Parmenides – is commonly referred to as a retroactive refutation. [3]
Presumption. In law, a presumption is an " inference of a particular fact ". [ 1] There are two types of presumptions: rebuttable presumptions and irrebuttable (or conclusive) presumptions. [ 2]: 25 A rebuttable presumption will either shift the burden of production (requiring the disadvantaged party to produce some evidence to the contrary) or ...
Erotema – rhetorical question; a question is asked to which an answer is not expected. [ 1] Ethos – a rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. Ethopoeia – the act of putting oneself into the character of another to convey that person's feelings and thoughts more vividly.
A closing argument, summation, or summing up is the concluding statement of each party's counsel reiterating the important arguments for the trier of fact, often the jury, in a court case. A closing argument occurs after the presentation of evidence. A closing argument may not contain any new information and may only use evidence introduced at ...
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Gish gallop. The Gish gallop ( / ˈɡɪʃ ˈɡæləp /) is a rhetorical technique in which a person in a debate attempts to overwhelm an opponent by abandoning formal debating principles, providing an excessive number of arguments with no regard for the accuracy or strength of those arguments and that are impossible to address adequately in the ...