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Paradigm. In science and philosophy, a paradigm ( / ˈpærədaɪm / PARR-ə-dyme) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word paradigm is Greek in origin, meaning "pattern."
Edgar Morin (/ m ɔː ˈ r æ n /; French: [ɛdɡaʁ mɔʁɛ̃]; né Nahoum; born 8 July 1921) is a French philosopher and sociologist of the theory of information who has been recognized for his work on complexity and "complex thought" (pensée complexe), [15] and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse fields as media studies, politics, sociology, visual anthropology, ecology ...
e. A paradigm shiftis a fundamental change in the basic conceptsand experimentalpractices of a scientific discipline. It is a concept in the philosophy of sciencethat was introduced and brought into the common lexiconby the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn. Even though Kuhn restricted the use of the term to the natural sciences ...
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn. Its publication was a landmark event in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. Kuhn challenged the then prevailing view of progress in science in which scientific progress was viewed as "development-by-accumulation" of ...
The Dictionnaire de l'Académie française is the official dictionary of the French language . The Académie française is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal power. Sometimes, even governmental authorities disregard the Académie's rulings.
Positivism is a philosophical school that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—meaning a posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience. [1] [2] Other ways of knowing, such as intuition, introspection, or religious faith, are rejected or considered meaningless.
For Foucault, an épistémè is the guiding unconsciousness of subjectivity within a given epoch – subjective parameters which form an historical a priori. [5]: xxii He uses the term épistémè (French pronunciation:) in his The Order of Things, in a specialized sense to mean the historical, non-temporal, a priori knowledge that grounds truth and discourses, thus representing the condition ...
Thomas Samuel Kuhn (/ k uː n /; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American historian and philosopher of science whose 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom.