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The economic history of the United Kingdom relates the economic development in the British state from the absorption of Wales into the Kingdom of England after 1535 to the modern United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland of the early 21st century. Scotland and England (including Wales, which had been treated as part of England since ...
The following is a list of the exports of the United Kingdom. The UK exports to 160 nations. The UK is the fifth largest exporter. Data is for 2019, in millions of USD (United States dollars), as reported by International Trade Centre. Currently the top fifty exports are listed. #
The economy of the United Kingdom is a highly developed social market economy. [ 26][ 27][ 28] It is the sixth-largest national economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product (GDP), ninth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP), and twenty-first by nominal GDP per capita, constituting 3.1% of nominal world GDP. [ 29]
Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.Although not defined by a strict set of principles and uniting various approaches, it treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), innovation, complex interdependencies, self-evolving systems, and limited ...
The sector added gross value of £151,785 million to the UK economy in 2011. [137] As of 2016, high-street retail spending accounted for about 33% of consumer spending and 20% of GDP. Because 75% of goods bought in the United Kingdom are made overseas, the sector only accounts for 5.7% of gross value added to the British economy. [138]
Brexit. The economic effects of Brexit were a major area of debate [1] during and after the referendum on UK membership of the European Union. The majority of economists believe that Brexit has harmed the UK's economy and reduced its real per capita income in the long term, and the referendum itself damaged the economy.
Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure. Market failure means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. As stated by Hanley, Shogren, and White (2007): [7] "A market failure occurs when the market does not allocate scarce resources to generate the greatest social welfare. A wedge exists between what a ...
Ecological goods and services ( EG&S) are the economical benefits ( goods and services) arising from the ecological functions of ecosystems. Such benefits accrue to all living organisms, including animals and plants, rather than to humans alone. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance to society that ecological goods and ...