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Doxylamine and other first-generation antihistamines are the most widely used sleep medications in the world. [6] Typical side effects of doxylamine (at recommended doses) include dizziness, drowsiness, grogginess, and dry mouth, among others. [7] [4] As an antihistamine, doxylamine is an inverse agonist of the histamine H 1 receptor.
Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine or Z-drug which acts as a sedative and hypnotic. [ 10][ 17] Zolpidem is a GABA A receptor agonist of the imidazopyridine class. [ 10] It works by increasing GABA effects in the central nervous system by binding to GABA A receptors at the same location as benzodiazepines. [ 10]
Flunitrazepam is a Schedule III drug under the international Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. [ 46] In Australia, as of 2013 the drug was authorized for prescribing for severe cases of insomnia but was restricted as a Schedule 8 medicine. [ 4][ 47] In France, as of 2016 flunitrazepam was not marketed.
Somnifacient. Etizolam is a benzodiazepine somnifacient for treating insomnia. Somnifacient (from Latin somnus, sleep [1] ), also known as sedatives or sleeping pills, is a class of medications that induces sleep. It is mainly used for treatment of insomnia. Examples of somnifacients include benzodiazepines, barbiturates and antihistamines .
Before taking temazepam, one should ensure that at least 8 hours are available to dedicate to sleep. Failing to do so can increase the side effects of the drug. Like all benzodiazepines, the use of this drug in combination with alcohol potentiates the side effects, and can lead to toxicity and death.
The drug is an ingredient in several products sold as sleep aids, either alone or in combination with other ingredients such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) in Tylenol PM and ibuprofen in Advil PM. Diphenhydramine can cause minor psychological dependence. [ 29 ]
Eszopiclone is classified as a nonbenzodiazepine or Z-drug and a sedative and hypnotic of the cyclopyrrolone group. [ 7] It is the S- stereoisomer of zopiclone. [ 5][ 8] It works by interacting with the GABA receptors. [ 7] Approved for medical use in the United States in 2004, [ 3] eszopiclone is available as a generic medication. [ 5]
Suvorexant is used for the treatment of insomnia, characterized by difficulties with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance, in adults. [2] [6] At a dose of 15 to 20 mg and in terms of treatment–placebo difference, it reduces time to sleep onset by up to 10 minutes, reduces time awake after sleep onset by about 15 to 30 minutes, and increases total sleep time by about 10 to 20 minutes. [2]