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Learn about the Playfair cipher, a manual symmetric encryption technique that encrypts pairs of letters instead of single letters. See how it works with a 5x5 grid of letters and a key word or phrase, and an example of encrypting "hide the gold in the tree stump".
The Polybius square is a grid of letters and numbers that can be used to encode and decode messages. Learn about its history, encryption methods, and applications in telegraphy, steganography, and cryptography.
A manual symmetric encryption technique that encrypts pairs of letters using two 5x5 matrices. Learn about its history, variants, and algorithm with examples.
Frequency analysis is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext to break classical ciphers. It exploits the fact that certain letters and combinations of letters occur with varying frequencies in natural languages.
A grille cipher is a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet. Learn about the history, variations, and examples of grille ciphers, such as the Cardan grille and the trellis cipher.
Polygraphic substitution is a cipher in which a uniform substitution is performed on blocks of letters. When the length of the block is specifically known, more precise terms are used: for instance, a cipher in which pairs of letters are substituted is bigraphic.
A substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, using a key. A monoalphabetic cipher uses fixed substitution over the entire message, while a polyalphabetic cipher uses multiple substitutions at different positions.
Learn how to calculate and apply the index of coincidence (IC) in cryptography and linguistics. The IC measures the probability of matching letters in two texts and can reveal cipher patterns or language features.