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Industrial relations or employment relations is the multidisciplinary academic field that studies the employment relationship; [1] that is, the complex interrelations between employers and employees, labor/trade unions, employer organizations, and the state . The newer name, "Employment Relations" is increasingly taking precedence because ...
Abraham Lincoln, First Annual Message (1861) Like slavery, common law repression of labor unions was slow to be undone. In 1806, Commonwealth v. Pullis held that a Philadelphia shoemakers union striking for higher wages was an illegal "conspiracy", even though corporations —combinations of employers—were lawful. Unions still formed and acted. The first federation of unions, the National ...
Labour laws (also spelled as labor laws ), labour code or employment laws are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also ...
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937) upholding the legality of the minimum wage, reversing Adkins. United States v. Darby Lumber Co., 312 U.S. 100 (1941) held that all labor standards could be regulated consistently with the Commerce Clause, reversing Hammer. Fair Employment Practices Commission (1941) Employment Act of 1946.
The National Labor Union (NLU), founded in 1866, was the first national labor federation in the United States. It was dissolved in 1872. The regional Order of the Knights of St. Crispin was founded in the northeast in 1867 and claimed 50,000 members by 1870, by far the largest union in the country.
Rights. Labor rights or workers' rights are both legal rights and human rights relating to labor relations between workers and employers. These rights are codified in national and international labor and employment law. In general, these rights influence working conditions in the relations of employment.
There is a type of employment contract which is common but not regulated in law, and that is Hour employment (Swedish: Timanställning), which can be Normal employment (unlimited), but the work time is unregulated and decided per immediate need basis. The employee is expected to be answering the phone and come to work when needed, e.g. when ...
Public sector labor relations is regulated by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 and various pieces of state legislation. In other countries, labor relations might be regulated by law or tradition. An important professional association for United States labor relations scholars and practitioners is the Labor and Employment Relations Association.