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The Mach number ( M or Ma ), often only Mach, ( / mɑːk /; German: [max]) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. [ 1][ 2] It is named after the Czech physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach . where: M is the local Mach number, u is the local flow velocity ...
G {\displaystyle G} electrical conductance. siemens (S) universal gravitational constant. newton meter squared per kilogram squared (N⋅m 2 /kg 2 ) shear modulus. pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m 2 ) g {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} } acceleration due to gravity.
Dynamic pressure. In fluid dynamics, dynamic pressure (denoted by q or Q and sometimes called velocity pressure) is the quantity defined by: [1] where (in SI units): u is the flow speed in m/s. It can be thought of as the fluid's kinetic energy per unit volume . For incompressible flow, the dynamic pressure of a fluid is the difference between ...
Bernoulli's principle is used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the indicated airspeed appropriate to the dynamic pressure. [ 1]: § 3.8. A De Laval nozzle utilizes Bernoulli's principle to create a force by turning pressure energy generated by the combustion of propellants into velocity.
Velocity is a physical vector quantity: both magnitude and direction are needed to define it. The scalar absolute value of velocity is called speed, being a coherent derived unit whose quantity is measured in the SI (metric system) as metres per second (m/s or m⋅s −1). For example, "5 metres per second" is a scalar, whereas "5 metres per ...
Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing from an orifice to the height of fluid above the opening. The law states that the speed of efflux of a fluid through a sharp-edged hole at the bottom of the tank filled to a depth is the same as the speed that a body would ...
Drag (physics) In fluid dynamics, drag, sometimes referred to as fluid resistance, is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object, moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. [ 1] This can exist between two fluid layers, two solid surfaces, or between a fluid and solid surface. Drag forces tend to decrease fluid velocity ...
Tension is the pulling or stretching force transmitted axially along an object such as a string, rope, chain, rod, truss member, or other object, so as to stretch or pull apart the object. In terms of force, it is the opposite of compression. Tension might also be described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of an object.