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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
Massage (video) Massage is the rubbing or kneading of the body's soft tissues. [1] Massage techniques are commonly applied with hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearms, feet or a device. [2] [3] The purpose of massage is generally for the treatment of body stress or pain.
Earthquakes. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS) measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location. This is in contrast with the seismic magnitude usually reported for an earthquake. Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth.
An earthquake's seismic moment can be estimated in various ways, which are the bases of the M wb, M wr, M wc, M ww, M wp, M i, and M wpd scales, all subtypes of the generic M w scale. See Moment magnitude scale § Subtypes for details. Seismic moment is considered the most objective measure of an earthquake's "size" in regard of total energy. [50]
Seismic base isolation, also known as base isolation, [ 3] or base isolation system, [ 4] is one of the most popular means of protecting a structure against earthquake forces. [ 5] It is a collection of structural elements which should substantially decouple a superstructure from its substructure that is in turn resting on the shaking ground ...
Earthquake shaking table at the National Technical University, Athens, Greece. There are several different experimental techniques that can be used to test the response of structures and soil or rock slopes to verify their seismic performance , one of which is the use of an earthquake shaking table (a shaking table , or simply shake table ).
In seismology, the Gutenberg–Richter law[ 1] ( GR law) expresses the relationship between the magnitude and total number of earthquakes in any given region and time period of at least that magnitude. or. where. is the number of events having a magnitude , and are constants, i.e. they are the same for all values of and .
Some notable earthquakes in Iceland have been during earthquake swarms with several earthquakes having very similar magnitude and contributing to human injury, death and/or property damage. Accordingly the largest earthquake may be shown on this page rather than ones that also contributed to the notability.
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