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Endocrinology. Primary hyperparathyroidism (or PHPT) is a medical condition where the parathyroid gland (or a benign tumor within it) produce excess amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The symptoms of the condition relate to the resulting elevated serum calcium ( hypercalcemia ), which can cause digestive symptoms, kidney stones, psychiatric ...
Hyperparathyroidism is an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood. [ 1][ 4] This occurs from a disorder either within the parathyroid glands ( primary hyperparathyroidism) or as response to external stimuli ( secondary hyperparathyroidism ). [ 1] Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are caused by inappropriately normal or elevated ...
A parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland. It generally causes hyperparathyroidism; there are very few reports of parathyroid adenomas that were not associated with hyperparathyroidism. [ 1] A human being usually has four parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid in the neck.
Calcific tendinitis is a common condition where deposits of calcium phosphate form in a tendon, sometimes causing pain at the affected site. Deposits can occur in several places in the body, but are by far most common in the rotator cuff of the shoulder. Around 80% of those with deposits experience symptoms, typically chronic pain during ...
Lithotomy. Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" ( stone) and "tomos" ( cut ), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain organs, such as the urinary tract ( kidney stones ), bladder ( bladder stones ), and gallbladder ( gallstones ), that cannot exit naturally through the urinary system or biliary tract.
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a malignant, heterogeneous tumor originating from renal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, which comprises approximately 10-15% of all kidney neoplasms. [ 1 ] Based on its morphological features, PRCC can be classified into two main subtypes, which are type 1 ( basophilic) and type 2 ( eosinophilic ).
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine. [1] In renal physiology, when blood is filtered by the kidney, the filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron, allowing for exchange of salts, acid equivalents, and other solutes before it drains into the bladder as urine.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( PCNL) is a minimally-invasive procedure to remove stones from the kidney by a small puncture wound (up to about 1 cm) through the skin. It is most suitable to remove stones of more than 2 cm in size and which are present near the pelvic region. It is usually done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia .