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  2. Atomic number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number

    The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number ( np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used to uniquely identify ...

  3. Neutron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

    Protons and neutrons are not elementary particles; each is composed of three quarks. The chemical properties of an atom are mostly determined by the configuration of electrons that orbit the atom's heavy nucleus. The electron configuration is determined by the charge of the nucleus, which is determined by the number of protons, or atomic number.

  4. Proton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

    A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol. p. , H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e ( elementary charge ). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio ). Protons and neutrons, each with a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, are ...

  5. Atomic nucleus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus

    Were it not for the Coulomb energy, the most stable form of nuclear matter would have the same number of neutrons as protons, since unequal numbers of neutrons and protons imply filling higher energy levels for one type of particle, while leaving lower energy levels vacant for the other type. Pairing energy. An energy which is a correction term ...

  6. Atom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

    Electrons and a compact nucleus of protons and neutrons. Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms.

  7. Neutron number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_number

    The neutron number (symbol N) is the number of neutrons in a nuclide . Atomic number (proton number) plus neutron number equals mass number: Z + N = A. The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as the neutron excess: D = N − Z = A − 2Z . Neutron number is not written explicitly in nuclide symbol notation, but ...

  8. Mass number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_number

    The mass number (symbol A, from the German word: Atomgewicht, "atomic weight"), [ 1] also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. It is approximately equal to the atomic (also known as isotopic) mass of the atom expressed in atomic mass units.

  9. Carbon-12 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-12

    Carbon-12 ( 12 C) is the most abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon ( carbon-13 being the other), amounting to 98.93% of element carbon on Earth; [ 1] its abundance is due to the triple-alpha process by which it is created in stars. Carbon-12 is of particular importance in its use as the standard from which atomic masses of all nuclides ...