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Metoprolol is a beta blocker, or an antagonist of the β-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically a selective antagonist of the β 1 -adrenergic receptor and has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. [ 37] Metoprolol exerts its effects by blocking the action of certain neurotransmitters, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects. [76] Central nervous system-related side effects and risks of beta blockers may include fatigue , depression , sleep disorders (namely insomnia ) and nightmares , visual ...
Common side effects include: low blood pressure, cough, hyperkalemia, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and kidney impairment. [ 18][ 19] The main adverse effects of ACE inhibition can be understood from their pharmacological action. The other reported adverse effects are liver problems and effects on the fetus. [ 19]
Sympatholytic. A sympatholytic ( sympathoplegic) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). [ 1] They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as antihypertensives.
The choice between the drugs is to a large degree determined by the characteristics of the patient being prescribed for, the drugs' side effects, and cost. Most drugs have other uses; sometimes the presence of other symptoms can warrant the use of one particular antihypertensive.
The β-blockers are an immensely important class of drugs due to their high prevalence of use. The discovery of β-blockers reaches back to more than 100 years ago, when early investigators came up with the idea that catecholamines were binding selectively to receptor-like structures and that this was the cause of their pharmacological actions ...
Dizziness is an imprecise term that can refer to a sense of disorientation in space, vertigo, or lightheadedness. [ 1] It can also refer to disequilibrium [ 2] or a non-specific feeling, such as giddiness or foolishness. [ 3] Dizziness is a common medical complaint, affecting 20–30% of persons. [ 4] Dizziness is broken down into four main ...
Timolol. Timolol is a beta blocker medication used either by mouth or as eye drops. [ 3][ 5] As eye drops it is used to treat increased pressure inside the eye such as in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. [ 3] By mouth it is used for high blood pressure, chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart, to prevent further complications ...