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Hyperbolic discounting is mathematically described as. where g ( D) is the discount factor that multiplies the value of the reward, D is the delay in the reward, and k is a parameter governing the degree of discounting (for example, the interest rate ). This is compared with the formula for exponential discounting:
Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics. Often, these applied methods are beyond simple geometry, and may include differential and integral calculus, difference and differential equations, matrix algebra, mathematical programming, or other computational methods ...
Production–possibility frontier. In microeconomics, a production–possibility frontier ( PPF ), production possibility curve ( PPC ), or production possibility boundary ( PPB) is a graphical representation showing all the possible options of output for two goods that can be produced using all factors of production, where the given resources ...
A good's price elasticity of demand ( , PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good ( law of demand ), but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent ...
A demand curve is a graph depicting the inverse demand function, [ 1] a relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the y -axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the x -axis). Demand curves can be used either for the price-quantity relationship for an individual consumer (an individual demand curve ...
Opportunity cost, as such, is an economic concept in economic theory which is used to maximise value through better decision-making. In accounting, collecting, processing, and reporting information on activities and events that occur within an organization is referred to as the accounting cycle.
Mathematical optimization. Graph of a surface given by z = f ( x, y) = − ( x ² + y ²) + 4. The global maximum at ( x, y, z) = (0, 0, 4) is indicated by a blue dot. Nelder-Mead minimum search of Simionescu's function. Simplex vertices are ordered by their values, with 1 having the lowest ( best) value. Mathematical optimization ...
Fisher equation. In financial mathematics and economics, the Fisher equation expresses the relationship between nominal interest rates, real interest rates, and inflation. Named after Irving Fisher, an American economist, it can be expressed as real interest rate ≈ nominal interest rate − inflation rate. [1] [2]