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2. Microsoft Office password protection - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password...

   In Excel and Word 95 and prior editions a weak protection algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array [1] key. [4] Hacking software is now readily available to find a 16-byte key and decrypt the password-protected document. [5] Office 97, 2000, XP and 2003 use RC4 with 40 bits. [4]

3. John the Ripper - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Ripper

   John the Ripper. John the Ripper is a free password cracking software tool. [ 3] Originally developed for the Unix operating system, it can run on fifteen different platforms (eleven of which are architecture-specific versions of Unix, DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS ). It is among the most frequently used password testing and breaking programs ...

4. Crack (password software) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(password_software)

   Crack is a Unix password cracking program designed to allow system administrators to locate users who may have weak passwords vulnerable to a dictionary attack.Crack was the first standalone password cracker for Unix systems and the first to introduce programmable dictionary generation as well.

5. MD5 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5

   MD5 is prone to length extension attacks. The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128- bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, [ 3] and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321. MD5 can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity against unintentional ...

6. Reset or change your password - AOL Help

   help.aol.com/articles/account-management...

   From most AOL mobile apps: Tap the Menu icon. Tap Manage Accounts. Tap Account info. Tap Security settings. Enter your security code. Tap Change password. Enter a new password. If these steps don't work in your app, change your password using your mobile browser.

7. Cain and Abel (software) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_(software)

   Cain and Abel (often abbreviated to Cain) was a password recovery tool for Microsoft Windows. It could recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing, cracking various password hashes by using methods such as dictionary attacks, brute force and cryptanalysis attacks. [ 1] Cryptanalysis attacks were done via ...

8. Rainbow table - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table

   Rainbow table. A rainbow table is a precomputed table for caching the outputs of a cryptographic hash function, usually for cracking password hashes. Passwords are typically stored not in plain text form, but as hash values. If such a database of hashed passwords falls into the hands of attackers, they can use a precomputed rainbow table to ...

9. One-time pad - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_pad

   Even with a partially known plaintext, brute-force attacks cannot be used, since an attacker is unable to gain any information about the parts of the key needed to decrypt the rest of the message. The parts of the plaintext that are known will reveal only the parts of the key corresponding to them, and they correspond on a strictly one-to-one ...