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Third culture kid. Third culture kids ( TCK) or third culture individuals ( TCI) are people who were raised in a culture other than their parents' or the culture of their country of nationality, and also live in a different environment during a significant part of their child development years. [ 1] They typically are exposed to a greater ...
Ruth Hill Useem. Ruth Hill Useem (31 May 1915 – 10 September 2003) was an American sociologist and anthropologist who introduced the concept of Third Culture Kid (TCK) to describe children who spent part of their developmental years in a foreign culture due to their parents' working abroad. Her work was the first to identify common themes ...
In 1989, a simplified and shortened test became operational under a new name: the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). [63] It was clear that different forms of the test would need to be equated. All IELTS materials were therefore pretested and calibrated to a common scale on the basis of the Rasch model. This was the first ...
First language. A first language ( L1 ), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth [ 1] or within the critical period. In some countries, the term native language or mother tongue refers to the language of one's ethnic group rather than the individual's actual first language.
Reading the spoken and written word inscribed on cuneiform tablets can help create an accurate picture of what life and culture may have looked like 2,000 to 4,500 years ago, according to George.
The following is a non-exhaustive list of standardized tests that assess a person's language proficiency of a foreign/secondary language. Various types of such exams exist per many languages—some are organized at an international level even through national authoritative organizations, while others simply for specific limited business or study orientation.
Unrooted Childhoods: Memoirs of Growing up Global is a book of memoirs of several people who grew up in multiple countries, or moving frequently between distant regions within the same country, also known as third culture kids. It is edited by Faith Eidse and Nina Sichel. It documents the life, including the unique challenges, feelings of ...
David C. Pollock (June 9, 1939 – April 11, 2004) was an American sociologist, author, and speaker known for his expertise on Third Culture Kids (TCKs). Pollock was the founder and executive director of Interaction International and co-author of Third Culture Kids: Growing Up Among Worlds. His definition of TCKs is widely referenced: