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This is a list of file signatures, data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbersor Magic Bytes. Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be ...
Time value of money. The present value of $1,000, 100 years into the future. Curves represent constant discount rates of 2%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. The time value of money is the widely accepted conjecture that there is greater benefit to receiving a sum of money now rather than an identical sum later. It may be seen as an implication of the later ...
The forward discount rates for each year have been chosen based on the increasing maturity of the company. Only operational cash flows (i.e. free cash flow to firm ) have been used to determine the estimated yearly cash flow, which is assumed to occur at the end of each year (which is unrealistic especially for the year 1 cash flow; see ...
Purchasing power parity ( PPP) [ 1] is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies. PPP is effectively the ratio of the price of a market basket at one location divided by the price of the basket of goods at a different location.
Discounted cumulative gain ( DCG) is a measure of ranking quality in information retrieval. It is often normalized so that it is comparable across queries, giving Normalized DCG (nDCG or NDCG). NDCG is often used to measure effectiveness of search engine algorithms and related applications. Using a graded relevance scale of documents in a ...
With some exceptions regarding erroneous values, infinities, and denormalized numbers, Excel calculates in double-precision floating-point format from the IEEE 754 specification [1] (besides numbers, Excel uses a few other data types [2] ). Although Excel allows display of up to 30 decimal places, its precision for any specific number is no ...
A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [23]
The discount, or charge, is the difference between the original amount owed in the present and the amount that has to be paid in the future to settle the debt. [1] The discount is usually associated with a discount rate, which is also called the discount yield. [1] [2] [4] The discount yield is the proportional share of the initial amount owed ...