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A Caesar cipher is a simple encryption technique that shifts each letter in the plaintext by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. Learn about its history, usage, examples, and variations, such as the Vigenère cipher and the ROT13 system.
Kryptos is a sculpture by Jim Sanborn at the CIA headquarters that contains four coded messages, three of which have been solved. The fourth message is one of the most famous unsolved codes in the world and has four clues provided by the artist.
A book cipher is a cipher in which each letter or word of the plaintext is replaced by a code that locates it in another text, the key. Learn about the history, security, and examples of book ciphers, such as the Beale ciphers and the Cicada 3301 mystery.
The letter at the intersection of [key-row, msg-col] is the enciphered letter. For example, the first letter of the plaintext, a, is paired with L, the first letter of the key. Therefore, row L and column A of the Vigenère square are used, namely L. Similarly, for the second letter of the plaintext, the second letter of the key is used.
Learn about the history, variations and insecurity of the pigpen cipher, a geometric simple substitution cipher that uses symbols in a grid. The cipher is also known as the masonic cipher, Rosicrucian cipher, Napoleon cipher and tic-tac-toe cipher.
Gematria is the practice of assigning a numerical value to a name, word or phrase by reading it as a number, or sometimes by using an alphanumerical cipher. Learn about the origin, development and applications of gematria in various cultures and languages, especially in Jewish texts and Kabbalah.
A substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, using a key. Learn about different types of substitution ciphers, such as simple, mixed, and polyalphabetic, and their security and history.
Learn how to encrypt and decrypt visual information (pictures, text, etc.) using transparencies or opaque sheets. Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique that allows visual images to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted information appears as a visual image.