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The water–cement ratio ( w/c ratio, or water-to-cement ratio, sometimes also called the Water-Cement Factor, f) is the ratio of the mass of water ( w) to the mass of cement ( c) used in a concrete mix: The typical values of this ratio f = w⁄c are generally comprised in the interval 0.40 and 0.60. The water-cement ratio of the fresh concrete ...
SEM. In concrete chemistry, ettringite is a hexacalcium aluminate trisulfate hydrate, of general formula when noted as oxides: 6CaO·Al2O3·3SO3·32H2O. or. 3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O. Ettringite is formed in the hydrated Portland cement system as a result of the reaction of tricalcium aluminate ( C. 3A) with calcium sulfate, both present in ...
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [ 1] and is the most widely used building material. [ 2] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined.
The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture, and its applications, are complex, driven in part by direct impacts of construction and infrastructure, as well as by CO 2 emissions; between 4-8% of total global CO 2 emissions come from concrete. [ 1] Many depend on circumstances.
Soil cement. Soil cement is a construction material, a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of portland cement and water, usually processed in a tumbler, compacted to high density. Hard, semi-rigid durable material is formed by hydration of the cement particles. Soil cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe ...
The mixture has a water-to-cement ratio of 0.28 to 0.40 with a void content of 15 to 25 percent. [8] The correct quantity of water in the concrete is critical. A low water to cement ratio will increase the strength of the concrete, but too little water may cause surface failure. A proper water content gives the mixture a wet-metallic appearance.
Creep and shrinkage of concrete are two physical properties of concrete. The creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral aggregates), is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and polymers. Unlike the creep of metals, it occurs at ...
Abrams' law. Abrams' law (also called Abrams' water-cement ratio law) [1] is a concept in civil engineering. The law states the strength of a concrete mix is inversely related to the mass ratio of water to cement. [1] [2] As the water content increases, the strength of concrete decreases. Abrams’ law is a special case of a general rule ...