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Quazepam. Quazepam, sold under the brand name Doral among others, is a relatively long-acting benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by the Schering Corporation in the 1970s. [ 2] Quazepam is used for the treatment of insomnia, including sleep induction and sleep maintenance. [ 3] Quazepam induces impairment of motor function and has ...
Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine or Z-drug which acts as a sedative and hypnotic. [ 10][ 16] Zolpidem is a GABA A receptor agonist of the imidazopyridine class. [ 10] It works by increasing GABA effects in the central nervous system by binding to GABA A receptors at the same location as benzodiazepines. [ 10]
Melatonin, also known as N -acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a substituted tryptamine and a derivative of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). It is structurally related to N-acetylserotonin (normelatonin; N -acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine), which is the chemical intermediate between serotonin and melatonin in the body.
Doxylamine and other first-generation antihistamines are the most widely used sleep medications in the world. [6] Typical side effects of doxylamine (at recommended doses) include dizziness, drowsiness, grogginess, and dry mouth, among others. [7] [4] As an antihistamine, doxylamine is an inverse agonist of the histamine H 1 receptor.
In medical literature from Australia, Ireland, the UK, Canada, and the United States, temazepam is the only benzodiazepine which has been fatal in overdoses without combination with other CNS depresssants. This unique feature is due to the toxicity of the drug, which numerous studies have ranked it as being most toxic.
Common side effects include sleepiness, headache, and a dry mouth. [8] [9] Serious side effects may include QT prolongation. [9] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. [8] Hydroxyzine works by blocking the effects of histamine. [9] It is a first-generation antihistamine in the piperazine family of chemicals. [8] [4]
Trazodone's potent α 1-adrenergic blockade may cause some side effects like orthostatic hypotension and sedation. [114] Conversely, along with 5-HT 2A and H 1 receptor antagonism, it may contribute to its efficacy as a hypnotic. Trazodone lacks any affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, so does not produce anticholinergic side ...
Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic piperazinoazepine; mianserin was developed by the same team of organic chemists and mirtazapine differs from it via addition of a nitrogen atom in one of the rings. [ 114]: 429 [ 115][ 116] It is a racemic mixture of enantiomers. The ( S )- (+)-enantiomer is known as esmirtazapine .
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