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The Scale of the Universe is an interactive online visualization tool first created in 2010 by Cary and Michael Huang, two brothers from Moraga, California. [1] [2] ...
The two scientists first presented independent technical papers about "The Scale of the Universe" during the day and then took part in a joint discussion that evening. Much of the lore of the Great Debate grew out of two papers published by Shapley and by Curtis in the May 1921 issue of the Bulletin of the National Research Council .
The expansion of the universe is parameterized by a dimensionless scale factor = (with time counted from the birth of the universe), defined relative to the present time, so = =; the usual convention in cosmology is that subscript 0 denotes present-day values, so denotes the age of the universe. The scale factor is related to the observed ...
The Friedmann equations, also known as the Friedmann–Lemaître ( FL) equations, are a set of equations in physical cosmology that govern the expansion of space in homogeneous and isotropic models of the universe within the context of general relativity. They were first derived by Alexander Friedmann in 1922 from Einstein's field equations of ...
Cosmological horizon. A cosmological horizon is a measure of the distance from which one could possibly retrieve information. [ 1] This observable constraint is due to various properties of general relativity, the expanding universe, and the physics of Big Bang cosmology. Cosmological horizons set the size and scale of the observable universe.
The universe is bathed in highly isotropic microwave radiation that corresponds to a thermal equilibrium blackbody spectrum of roughly 2.72548 kelvins. [7] The hypothesis that the large-scale universe is homogeneous and isotropic is known as the cosmological principle. [116]
The "acceleration" curve shows the trajectory of the scale factor for a universe with dark energy. The expansion of the universe can be understood as a consequence of an initial impulse (possibly due to inflation), which sent the contents of the universe flying apart. The mutual gravitational attraction of the matter and radiation within the ...
Dark matter (26.8%) Dark energy (68.3%) [ 6] The observable universe is a ball-shaped region of the universe consisting of all matter that can be observed from Earth or its space-based telescopes and exploratory probes at the present time; the electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach the Solar System and Earth since ...