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Bacterial vaginosis ( BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. [ 6][ 9] Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. [ 2] The discharge is usually white or gray in color. [ 2] Burning with urination may occur. [ 2]
An assisted vaginal delivery ( AVD) or instrumental vaginal delivery occurs when a pregnant woman requires the use of special instruments such as forceps or a vacuum extractor to deliver her baby vaginally. [ 12] It is usually performed when the pregnancy does not progress during the second stage of labor.
Hospitals, clinics. Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. [ 1] As a medical specialty, obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), which is a surgical field. [ 2]
The postpartum (or postnatal) period begins after childbirth and is typically considered to last for six weeks. [ 1] There are three distinct phases of the postnatal period; the acute phase, lasting for six to twelve hours after birth; the subacute phase, lasting six weeks; and the delayed phase, lasting up to six months.
The rabbit test became a widely used bioassay (animal-based test) to test for pregnancy. The term "rabbit test" was first recorded in 1949, and was the origin of a common euphemism, "the rabbit died", for a positive pregnancy test. [ 4] The phrase was, in fact, based on a common misconception about the test.
Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is the medical condition in which the blood and tissue have a lower than normal level of vitamin B 12. [ 5] Symptoms can vary from none to severe. [ 1] Mild deficiency may have few or absent symptoms. [ 1]
Gravidity and parity. In biology and medicine, gravidity and parity are the number of times a female has been pregnant (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). [ 1][ 2] These two terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the female's obstetric history. [ 3]
Gestational age. In obstetrics, gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy taken from the beginning of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP), [ 1] or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method, if available. Such methods include adding 14 days to a known duration since fertilization (as is ...